Deckard presentation at ethereum
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One main reason for introducing clones is the irreversibility of smart contracts stored in Ethereum blockchain. By manually checking some clones detecked by our approach but not by DECKARD, we found code clones such as type-III or even type-IV semantic code clones can also be detected, which means SmartEmbed is highly effective to identify the code clones in smart contract.
For bug detection, SmartEmbed can identify clone related bugs in Ethereum blockchain more efficiently and accurately. When the similarity threshold is set to 0. V Summary and Future Work This paper presented SmartEmbed, a web service tool for detecting code clones and bugs in smart contracts accurately and efficiently. The approach is automated on the contract and bug data collected from the Ethereum blockchain. It helps developers to find repetitive contract code and clone-related bugs in existing contracts.
It also helps to efficiently validate given smart contracts against known set of bugs without the need of manually defined bug patterns. Its backend model can be easily updated to recognize new contract clones and new kinds of bugs when the contract code and bugs evolve. In the future, we plan to enrich the contract and bug databases so that SmartEmbed can detect more clones and bugs.
We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. References [1] P. Bojanowski, E. Grave, A. Joulin, and T. Mikolov Enriching word vectors with subword information. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5, pp. He, L. Wu, H. Wang, Y. Guo, and X. Jiang Characterizing code clones in the ethereum smart contract ecosystem. Jiang, G. Misherghi, Z. Su, and S. Glondu Deckard: scalable and accurate tree-based detection of code clones.
Li, H. Feng, W. Zhuang, N. A major concern in Ethereum is the security of smart contracts. Different from traditional software development, smart contracts are immutable once deployed. Hence, vulnerabilities and bugs in smart contracts can lead to catastrophic financial loses. In order to avoid taking the risk of writing buggy code, smart contract developers are encouraged to reuse pieces of code from reputable sources e.
In this paper, we study code cloning in Ethereum. Our goal is to quantify the amount of clones in Ethereum RQ1 , understand key characteristics of clone clusters RQ2 , and determine whether smart contracts contain pieces of code that are identical to those published by OpenZeppelin RQ3.
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It has been upgraded for Java 7 syntax. It should now be able to generate vectors for Java files that use Java 6 and 7 features. A simple but may not be desirable workaround is to run cygwin shell with elevated privileges before invoking the above scripts. Make sure all paths are valid and the programming language is specified correctly. These directories may be automatically created if specified in 'config'. Note that different vecgen cvecgen, jvecgen, phpvecgen should be used for files in different languages.
This vecgen command will generate a vector representing the code between Line 's' and 'e' in the source file, and store the vector in "filename. Additionally, any participant can broadcast a request for this computer to perform arbitrary computation. Whenever such a request is broadcast, other participants on the network verify, validate, and carry out "execute" the computation. This execution causes a state change in the EVM, which is committed and propagated throughout the entire network.
Requests for computation are called transaction requests; the record of all transactions and the EVM's present state gets stored on the blockchain, which in turn is stored and agreed upon by all nodes. Cryptographic mechanisms ensure that once transactions are verified as valid and added to the blockchain, they can't be tampered with later. The same mechanisms also ensure that all transactions are signed and executed with appropriate "permissions" no one should be able to send digital assets from Alice's account, except for Alice herself.
What is ether? Ether ETH is the native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. The purpose of ETH is to allow for a market for computation. Such a market provides an economic incentive for participants to verify and execute transaction requests and provide computational resources to the network. Any participant who broadcasts a transaction request must also offer some amount of ETH to the network as a bounty.
The network will award this bounty to whoever eventually does the work of verifying the transaction, executing it, committing it to the blockchain, and broadcasting it to the network. The amount of ETH paid corresponds to the resources required to do the computation. These bounties also prevent malicious participants from intentionally clogging the network by requesting the execution of infinite computation or other resource-intensive scripts, as these participants must pay for computation resources.
ETH is also used to provide crypto-economic security to the network in three main ways: 1 it is used as a means to reward validators who propose blocks or call out dishonest behavior by other validators; 2 It is staked by validators, acting as collateral against dishonest behavior—if validators attempt to misbehave their ETH can be destroyed; 3 it is used to weight 'votes' for newly proposed blocks, feeding into the fork-choice part of the consensus mechanism.
What are smart contracts? In practice, participants don't write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs reusable snippets of code into EVM state, and users make requests to execute these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.
At a very basic level, you can think of a smart contract like a sort of vending machine: a script that, when called with certain parameters, performs some actions or computation if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a simple vendor smart contract could create and assign ownership of a digital asset if the caller sends ETH to a specific recipient.
Any developer can create a smart contract and make it public to the network, using the blockchain as its data layer, for a fee paid to the network. Any user can then call the smart contract to execute its code, again for a fee paid to the network. Thus, with smart contracts, developers can build and deploy arbitrarily complex user-facing apps and services such as: marketplaces, financial instruments, games, etc. Terminology Blockchain The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network.
So named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks and thus over the precise history. Users pay ETH to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes.
Any user can also request the execution of code by broadcasting a code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications. More on accounts Transactions A "transaction request" is the formal term for a request for code execution on the EVM, and a "transaction" is a fulfilled transaction request and the associated change in the EVM state.
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