Market neutral investing joseph nicholas pdf creator
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Mostly interest rates, bond yields and the security prices are inter-related. So a small slump in one market leads to an adverse effect in other markets also. The strategy of Fixed income instruments is to invest in corporate bonds and government bonds, so as to get risk free rate of return. The bond yields depends a lot on the Interest rate prevailing and also inflation figures.
The spread between long-term interest rates and short-term interest rates reflects, for example, the degree of inflation risk. When anxiety is high regarding inflation, the spread widens as investors demand higher long-term rates as compensation. And hedge funds known as Hot Money, if they sense in any risk in near future they exit the market. But due to the huge investments and huge leveraged positions it carries out results in turmoil in the bond market.
The Bond market is a classical example to show the effect of this kind of investment strategy. A position with a delta of zero is called delta neutral or delta hedged. Rebalancing or periodic adjustment is necessary to keep a position delta hedged as delta changes all the time.
This provides protection against small stock price movements. However, for larger movements, gamma1 neutrality is required. This is also one of the impacts on the Indian Capital Market. The Greek letter Vega measures the impact of the change in volatility on the value of an option. When Vega is high, the option is very sensitive to small changes in stock price volatility. Vega neutrality protects from such situations.
Gamma is the first derivative of delta; it measures the delta sensitivity to changes in the underlying stock price. The larger the gamma, the more sensitive is the delta to stock price changes and the more frequent the required rebalancing. For example the correlation between the stock prices and their derivative instruments.
Also the correlation between different industries like the construction and steel and cement industry. There is also reverse correlation between stock prices plummeted and bond markets rose and vice-versa Jaeger, R. This is particular to Managed Futures. Just like equities, commodities are subject to delta and volatility risks.
Due to alternative positions of hedging the volatility of the derivative prices increases. In order to get absolute gains, Hedge Funds try to increase bets on one position and keep on adding to that net position. Amaranth LLC is the best example to suit this type of risk. Due to huge leverage positions build up in these two futures, the losses kept on accumulated. Due to huge losses the fund has to be liquidated there by impacting to a great extent the futures price of the crude.
The strategy of managed futures is to get money out of the arbitrage of currency fluctuations. Hedge Funds are not long-term players and they invest for a short period of time. So this Hot money may try to capitalize the currency fluctuations that happen regularly. East Asian crisis and the recent Yuan Carry of trade phenomenon can be attributed to this type of Managed Futures trading strategy of Hedge Funds. This led to the Asian Financial Crisis.
This type of risk becomes critical while handling derivatives. When investors perceive a high credit risk, they demand a higher yield on the money they lend and vice-versa. Indian markets follow the system of Mark-to-Market settlement.
But this system is not exercised in case of private players who take a large leverage positions. Due to the large leverage position builds up and due to the increase in volatility of the prices of derivative instruments this type of risk arises. The mayhem created in the stock markets in May can be attributed to the credit risk arising of the Distressed securities and Convertible arbitrage strategies.
Due to this their was a slump in the market to a certain extent. But due to the drop in prices their was a call by many players to withdrew from the market. Due to this selling many big investors suffered and to cut down the losses and pay the margin money their was an across the board selling. Thus if big and hot money like Hedge Funds leads to this type of margin pressures there could be a bigger slump and increased volatility in the stock prices.
It can be further subdivided into three risks. The First one is related to short selling activity; a manager might be forced to repurchase a borrowed asset due to an adverse market condition. The second risk affects the cash reserves of a fund, as it may have to redeem part of its debt obligations or pay margin calls. Liquidity is one of the main problems in the Indian Stock markets. Liquidity problem is the main problem facing FIIs.
The only option for FIIs is to trade among themselves. There is also the danger that they may lose value of their investments if they sell in a big way. Soueissy, M. Sophisticated software has been heavily relied upon in the past and will continue to do so and erroneous results could jeopardize a whole strategy. The simplest example would be an out dated model that is no longer reliable to correctly evaluate present new market conditions.
Indeed, all funds that are faced with foreign exchange issues try to put in place effective hedging techniques using futures, forwards and other swap instruments; sometimes, they fail and losses arise. For example, in , Fenchurch Capital Management, a fixed income arbitrage fund switched from U.
Fraud: can range from reporting false performance figures to downright theft of the money to be managed. The fund pleaded guilty to securities fraud, theft and misappropriation of property. In social research, methodology is defined very broadly e. Like theories, methodologies cannot be true or false, only more or less useful. The study has been done to get an insight into the Hedge Funds and their investment strategies, so as to make an analytical study about their impact on Indian Capital markets.
Hence, the research type is Exploratory. After the relationship is established, a detailed analysis of the hedge fund strategies of investment is done. Also an analytical study of Hedge funds impact on Indian Capital markets is done based on individual investment strategy. Qualitative and Quantitative research can be seen to represent two paradigms, each historically assuming different ontology and epistemologies, assumptions, values, and philosophy underlying methods and techniques, and their use are inherent in these paradigms Evans, A Qualitative research is defined by Strauss and Corbin as "any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification".
For our analysis and interpretation we have used Qualitative research. I will be adopting Quantitative method as a part of my research study as numerical calculations and facts and figures are more important to understand properly the impact of hedge funds on the Indian Capital Market. It will be a more justifiable method here in this research rather than analyzing answers from the respondents in the form of Questionnaires, Interviews and other feedbacks.
Malhotra a research design is a blueprint or framework for conducting the research project. In simple words it is a plan for study that guides the collection and analysis of data. One of its key features is to join the parts and phases of the enquiry together. It should be comprehensive in its coverage of the work i.
A research design lays the base for conducting the project and ensures that the research plan is conducted efficiently and effectively. This research has been undertaken to explore the possible impacts of hedge funds on the Indian Capital Market. For this as discussed earlier Quantitative research is adopted in which certain statistical techniques are utilized. This study is to elucidate the different strategies of Hedge Fund managers and their possible impact on Indian Capital markets and to understand how hedge funds are beneficial.
The main objectives of this dissertation are: 1 To study the Hedge Fund investment strategies, as these investment vehicles are dreaded in many countries. The objectives of this study were to study the Hedge Fund investment strategies, as these investment vehicles are dreaded in many countries. After doing a detailed study of the strategies, an analytical framework is done whether there is any potential for Hedge Funds in India and also to study the possible impact of Hedge Funds on the Indian Financial Markets.
After the relationship is established, a small study on the relationship between the key Hedge Fund indices and the corresponding Strategy Index is taken to establish whether the Hedge Fund strategies has any direct relationship to four biggest crisis in the Financial World. The four crises taken for study are 1 Bond Crisis 2 Thai Crisis 3 Russian Crisis 4 TMT Crisis After the relationship is established, a detailed analysis of the hedge fund strategies of investment is done.
The data from is taken because, after in free regulations regarding FII were introduced. Therefore it is thus established that there is strong relationship between the Hedge Fund inflows and the Sensex returns Also the correlation between the Hedge Funds turnover and the Sensex returns is 0. Therefore the Hedge fund inflows result in a positive return in the Sensex. The returns are compared and an analytical framework is arrived in the end by observing the returns.
The HFRI was up by 5. This was its worst performance on record. The HFRI was down by 4. The HFRI was up by Crash: up by 3. Crisis Crash: up 0. Crisis down 4. Crash: down 2. Crisis 9. Crisis down Crash: down Crash: down 7. Crisis down 6. This proves that Hedge Funds played a vital role in the culmination of the above said crisis. Hedge funds as a whole are becoming an important segment of the asset management industry and gaining popularity from investors particularly from the high net worth investors, universities, charitable funds, endowments, pension funds, insurance and other institutional investors.
The assets under management of the hedge funds are growing on a double digit rate. All hedge funds are not necessarily speculative funds though most of them provide an alternative investment options for the investors through innovative investment strategy. Many people argue that a hedge fund has a short investment horizon and that its investments would be volatile — hot money — while the regulated FII has a longer horizon and its investments would be less volatile.
However, as finance theory teaches us, correlations are usually more important than volatility. Investments by regulated FIIs tend to be highly correlated because they face common redemption pressures and common home country regulatory environments. Hedge funds by contrast tend to be contrarian and their strategies are less correlated with each other and with regulated FIIs.
In other words, hedge funds are less subject to herding behavior than regulated FIIs. It is clear and acknowledged by all that the FIIs have been the main drivers of the market from Then why go after those who ushered in the feel good factor in the markets?
The retail investor is clearly absent in the market. Domestic mutual funds till recently were net sellers in the markets, who have gained substantially in improving their NAVs from the FII-led bull run. Domestic institutions and banks are the other segments that have benefited from the debt markets, and this has boosted their other income and thus net profits enabling them to write off their bad debts. All this has happened on the back of liquidity provided by the FIIs.
If everyone is benefiting, why blame the PN investors. Once bitten retail investors who lost their shirt, got an opportunity to exit from their investments profitably in this bull run. Due to their investments though volatility has increased but it has negated the herding mentality of most FIIs. For example during the recent slump in the world and Indian markets in Feb and March is attributed to the herding mentality of FIIs.
But this was largely negated due to the investments by Hedge funds in the Indian markets. But this was negated due to the inflow of Hedge funds and these hedge funds brought some relief by pumping their money into the market because of which the Index again surged back to comfortable levels. They fall under the nondirectional category as they mostly target spreads based on the presumption that the market will eventually correct these mispricings.
Historically, relative value strategies have been characterized by low exposure to market risk and moderate and stable returns and as such can be seen as Risk Reducers Amenc, Martellini and Vaissie, The four types of relative value strategies: 4. This has the effect of magnifying profits stemming from standstill income, mispricings and equity volatility. Tremont divides the life of the convertible bond into four stages.
In the second stage, stage B, the stock price is low, the option is out of the money, and the hedge is reduced by buying back some shares. As in stage A, the convertible is closer to a straight fixed income. In the third stage, stage C, the option is at the money and the conversion price is almost equal to the quoted share price. Here, the arbitrageur typically gains from volatility as he earns his static return while waiting for the stock price to significantly move, whether upward or downward.
In the fourth stage, stage D, the option becomes in the money as stock prices soar. The hedge must be adjusted by selling short more shares. So, in analyzing the fair value of the convertible bond, quantitative models are used. Since these investments are for short duration and also Corporate Bonds help Companies to raise capital at low interest, the alternative strategies of Hedge funds will give raise to price fluctuations of stock prices of the company there by increasing the cost of capital to the company.
Factors like yield curves, credit ratings, expected cash flows, volatility curves, and son come into play all affecting the price of fixed income instruments; as a result, sophisticated valuation models are heavily relied upon. Leverage, which can range from 10 to 15 times NAV, is used to magnify profits, as spreads tend to be very small 3 to 20 basis points.
Fung and Hseih find that fixed income arbitrage funds in particular and arbitrage funds in general are short volatility, i. Due to its use of convergence trading this strategy has raised much awareness since the collapse of the LTCM fund.
They appear to be short a put option on economic disaster insurance. When economic disaster takes place, as in the case of a financial crisis, this option becomes in the money and fixed income strategies lose money. They try to gain on the difference between the yields on different currency bills. Though these types of Hedge Funds are absent in India because there is no free convertibility of Rupee, this strategy may pose danger in future when India is planning to allow Capital Account Convertibility.
Mortgage backed securities are debt instruments that use residential or commercial mortgages as collateral and offer higher yields as they bear specific risks. On all occasions these agencies guarantee payments on the loans. Ratings vary from AAA to non-investment grade. Timing of interest and principal cash flows of these MBS callable bonds are uncertain.
Sophisticated tools are used by hedge fund managers to properly evaluate this prepayment option. These tools take into consideration that prepayments can originate form economic as well as non-economic reasons, such as homeowner mobility, death and divorce. A suitable strategy is to go long MBS and hedge interest rate exposure by selling short Treasuries or other MBS or using fixed income derivatives or callable bonds.
Equity Market Neutral: This strategy which uses leverage to magnify earnings, profits from equity market price discrepancies by taking positions with a total zero or negligible net exposure whether in currency, beta, sector or industry. This category could be further classified into statistical arbitrage and fundamental arbitrage.
Pair trading constitutes a good example where two stocks from the same industry sector are chosen to be held respectively long and short to offset any exposure to market risk. One major disadvantage of this strategy is the frequency of transactions required to maintain the position hedged; could prove costly both in terms of funds allocated and tax considerations. In an efficient market, the price of a share of a company reflects the earning potential of the company.
But since Indian capital market still in a nascent stage, is not a perfect efficient market. So, in this case Hedge Funds will prove to be a boon in making an efficient market. These events include spin-offs, mergers and acquisitions, liquidations, bankruptcy reorganizations and share buybacks.
Amenc, Martellini and Vaissie characterize event driven strategies as return enhancers as they are highly correlated with the market and offer high risk-adjusted returns. There are two sub-categories: merger arbitrage and distressed securities. The spread can be quite large and will often fluctuate over time as the market assesses what the main participants in the deal want.
Since deal risk is high, arbitrageurs diversify by seeking at least 30 deals that are not closely correlated and avoid hostile takeovers. INFERENCE Indian economy is booming like never before and due to huge amount of surplus among Indian companies, they are buying new entities, and some companies for consolidation are merging with other companies.
This investment strategy, mainly invests in companies which are planning to merge or one company buying another company. This results in the bidding company revising the ask price, thereby an increase in the outflow of more capital from the bidding company. This strategy is a boon for the target company and bane for bidding company. These companies are typically classified below investment grade or called fallen angels and as such their stocks trade at significant discount from par.
Chapter 11 filling is defined as "companies filing for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection are seeking a courts supervised reorganization of the firm, while affording relief from interest payments due to existing creditors. The investment is in the form of a venture capitalist, where capital is infused into the company to make it profitable.
These investments are very much needed in India because of high interest rates, where bankrupt companies cannot raise fresh capital. India is now in need of these type of investments which bring with them market knowledge and expertise. They seek to exploit market opportunities. A few of them are global macro and short selling. Derivatives are also used to highlight the impact of market moves. The key to success in this strategy is timing the market not inevitably exploiting market inefficiencies.
Returns can be very high but are also very volatile. The year witnessed a come back for global macro funds after a four-year exodus due to heavy losses. Performance varies widely from fund to fund because individual strategies are so different, relying heavily on specialized skills and sometimes even luck.
This money gradually flowed into the Indian capital markets. Due to this flow there was a significant increase in the stock prices and key indices. But in due time the Yuan appreciated against the dollar because of robust Japanese economy and weak employment and economic forecast of USA. This led to the free outflow of Japanese money from Indian markets which again led to free fall of Indices and stock prices.
Due to this the volatility increased to a great extent which is not a good sign for an Emerging market like India. They also earn from the interest earned on the cash proceeds from the short sale. Usually, the stock lender takes collateral in exchange of the loan, typically the cash proceeds from the short sale.
This is given back to the manager at the end of the transaction. A margin account is also set up where more money than is necessary to buy back the stock is maintained at any time. Security selection is the key in this strategy. Hedge Fund Research estimated dedicated short sellers to account for 0.
The bull market of the 90s had severely damaged the reputation of such funds. However, unlike equity hedge, they do not constantly have a hedge in place; they may implement one if market conditions call for it. If they identify a profitable opportunity in the market they may also sell short. They are mostly stock pickers and sometimes use leverage to magnify returns. The mayhem created in the stock markets in May can be attributed to the credit risk arising of the distressed securities and convertible arbitrage strategies.
Due to this there was a slump in the market to a certain extent. But due to the drop in prices there was a call by many players to withdraw from the market. Due to this selling many big investors suffered and to cut down the losses and pay the margin money there was an across the board selling. Thus if big hedge Funds lead to this type of margin pressures there could be a bigger slump and increased volatility in the stock prices.
Their primary focus differs according to the managers and varies among large- cap, mid-cap, small-cap, micro-cap, value growth and opportunistic sectors. For example a fund manager can be long some stocks in the Financials sector and short others in the real estate sector.
Both cause a significant effect on each other. Hedge funds if freely allowed, build a massive positions both in the real estate and real estate companies, there by causing the share prices of the real estate companies to sky-rocket. It is mostly on the long side, as short selling is restricted and the use of derivative products with which to hedge is rarely possible. Local bonds are usually below investment grade.
Investors have turned their concentration to such markets seeking higher returns, at a cheaper price, turning away from the financial scandals and economic slow down of the developed world. An internet portfolio management website EmergingPortfolio. In India, though enough liquidity is there, it gets freezed whenever there is any monetary action taken, like increase in the CRR rates etc.
This leads to sudden volatility in the markets and because of low liquidity, markets stoop with low volume of trades. This problem can be factored by allowing Hedge funds to directly invest in India. Some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with these funds are listed below: 1 Research and trading strategies of a large number of hedge funds are aimed at deriving profits from the perceived mispricing of securities.
Mispricing between assets arises because market traders do not have costless and immediate access to all publicly available markets, exchanges and information while trading. If the derivatives price and the underlying stock prices do not properly reflect each other e. Of course, very few mispricings are quite so obvious, perhaps exactly because hedge funds by their trading push prices towards and inside the no-arbitrage set. Such activities can further aid efficiency by increasing the competitive pressures on market makers or intermediaries, whose bread and butter are the various spreads.
Hedge funds are not subject to such constraints and so may provide investment strategies preferred by investors, but otherwise unobtainable. Caution should, however, be applied to any such analysis due to the inherent biases and non-linearities in hedge fund data.
This has resulted in the information available to market participants and their resulting behavior being more uniform than at any other time. This phenomenon is especially damaging during financial crises, where highly correlated information and behavior conspire to amplify the severity of financial crises, by leading to a reduction of liquidity at a time when it is needed most. Furthermore, since hedge funds are unencumbered by mandated risk limits and generally operate at the top end of the technological chain, they have the possibility to act counter cyclically during a crisis, providing liquidity and reducing volatility.
This is especially true for macro funds, which take large positions on the long—term direction of macroeconomic developments. It may simply be exploiting the difference between the real state of the economy and market prices. Hedge funds are considered to have exerted a significant market impact during the ERM crisis, but not during the Asian crisis.
Indeed, during the Asian crisis, foreign hedge funds sometimes seem to have had a stronger belief in the economic fundamentals of the crisis countries than the often better-informed domestic investors. This leverage is argued to increase both the likelihood and severity of hedge fund defaults, potentially leading to financial crises.
Whilst such concerns have long been expressed, they were amplified following the LTCM collapse. At present, hedge funds do not appear to employ very high levels of leverage. Essentially, hedge funds cause counterparty risk for regulated trading partners such as prime brokers and investors, thus increasing credit risk in the regulated part of the financial system.
The main worry in such networks is the triggering of domino style defaults throughout the banking system. The academic notion of herding refers to the phenomenon by which funds mimic other funds, despite the fact that their own private information or proprietary model suggests different strategies. The latter informational requirement implies that herding is inefficient as it prevents the release of valuable information.
Intentional herd induction goes counter to the casual observation that hedge funds could always reveal trades so as to encourage herding, but hardly ever do. Available empirical event—studies have not found evidence of such triggered herding. Fung and Hsieh find indirect evidence that hedge funds were late comers to the trade during the Asian crisis, while Eichengreen and Mathieson find no evidence that other traders were guided by the positions taken by hedge funds in prior periods.
In this context, following additional provisions have been suggested with respect to hedge funds seeking registration as FII: 1. The investment adviser to the hedge funds should be a regulated investment advisor under the relevant Investor Advisor Act or the fund is registered under Collective Investment Fund Regulations or Investment Companies Act. The presence of institutional investors in the fund is expected to ensure better governance on the part of the fund manager and fund administrators.
Further, institutional investors may help fund managers to take a long term perspective of the market. The fund manager or investment adviser must have experience of at least 3 years of managing funds with similar investment strategy that the applicant fund has adopted. The fund should have a stipulated lock-in period so as to avoid any adverse impact like increase in volatility. The conditions for minimum period of investment should be clearly stipulated.
The asset under management of the hedge funds are growing on a double digit rate. Based on the dissertation I can conclude by saying that though Hedge funds investments have a direct bearing to the culmination of some of the worst crisis in the world, they bring with them a lot of advantages too.
If SEBI is considering allowing of Hedge Funds to directly invest in Indian markets it should bring in some regulations as mentioned in the suggestions part, so that their investments may add to share holder value appreciation. Also the fact of current account convertibility should be taken into account, because if Hedge Funds are freely allowed into Indian Capital markets, there is also a possibility of free flight of money outwards thus created mayhem in the markets as well in the whole Economy.
Agarwal, Vikas, and Narayan Y. Barua, A. Botteron, Pascal and Ralph Villiger. It gives extensive data on Indian sectors and their related stocks. Chhabria, V. New Delhi, 17 July, pp Evans, C. Ineichen, Alexander M. Jaeger, Robert A. McGraw Hill. Jagnani, A. Janesick, V. Jhunjhunwala, R. Karandikar, M. New Jersey: Wiley Finance. Malhotra, K. Ninan, O. Saunders, Anthony. Womack, K.
Market pressures bring sustainability to business attention through core management channels and functions. This began with Nixon-era government regulation and grew to include insurance companies, investors, consumers, suppliers, buyers, and others through the s and s. This involves translating the issue into the core language of business management: operational efficiency, capital acquisition, strategic direction, and market growth.
In each case, the firm has an established model that it can use to conceptualize the issue and formulate a response. In this way, sustainability becomes much like any other business threat, where market expectations change and technological developments advance, leaving certain industries to adapt or face demise while others rise to fill their place. For example, when insurance companies apply sustainability pressures on the firm, the issue becomes one of risk management.
When competitors apply such pressures, it becomes an issue of strategic direction. When investors and banks do so, it becomes an issue of capital acquisition and cost of capital. When suppliers and buyers do so, it becomes an issue of supply-chain logistics.
When consumers do so, it becomes an issue of market demand. Framed in such terms, much of the specific language of sustainability recedes and is replaced by standard business logic. Therefore, companies can remain agnostic about the science of particular issues such as climate change but still recognize their importance as business concerns. The successful company can perform this translation process and integrate sustainability into its existing structures and strategies. Take Whirlpool , for example: It has improved appliance energy efficiency because it has watched energy efficiency move from number 12 in consumer priorities in the s to number three, just behind cost and performance, today.
Whirlpool and others expect those concerns to continue to grow. Another signal comes from impact investors, who consider environmental, social, and governance ESG factors in their investment criteria. But it is not just a specialized sector; this past May, financial advisory firms BlackRock, Vanguard, and State Street cast votes in opposition to ExxonMobil management and called for the company to disclose its climate change impacts.
These are all signs that the market has shifted and continues to shift. Today, consumers can buy sustainable products, stay in sustainable hotels, eat sustainable foods, and use sustainable cleaning products. While this greening of the market is a good thing, it is not actually solving the root problems it was meant to address. Our world continues to become less, not more, sustainable. Sustainable Business 2.
While one ozone depletion is on the mend, scientists believe we have overshot the boundaries of three: climate change, biodiversity loss, and biogeochemical flows nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Further indicators are also blinking red, such as ocean acidification, freshwater use, and deforestation. The remaining two boundaries—chemical pollution and atmospheric particle pollution—require more data to assess.
All of these disruptions are the result of system failures created largely by our market institutions. They will have to be remedied by those institutions. Fortunately, capitalism can be quite malleable. It is designed by human beings in the service of human beings, and it can evolve to meet the changing needs of human beings. This has happened throughout its history to address issues such as monopoly power, collusion, and price-fixing.
Many companies recognize this challenge and are pushing for new market models. Corporate decision makers have a key role to play in facilitating this transition. For example, to turn around the KPI of climate change, the market must go carbon neutral and eventually go carbon negative. It requires a change in the overall market. Real sustainability is a property of a system. A more sustainable energy system incorporates the whole grid, encompassing generation, transmission, distribution, use, and mobility.
We can already see signals of this change happening as new energy sources, distributed energy, demand-side management, smart appliances, and smart meters are beginning to transform our conceptions of energy. Already, jobs in the clean energy sector have exceeded those in oil drilling. But the energy renaissance goes further. Electric vehicles have the potential to change the grid, leveling the electricity demand curve by charging at night and providing storage capacity during the day for intermittent energy sources like wind and solar.
Already, a Nissan Leaf automobile owner in Japan can buy a transformer to power the house off the battery pack during a power failure. Research is under way to scale this concept and allow consumers to rent their batteries to utilities while their car is parked. Electric vehicles are also transforming the auto industry. Who could have predicted 20 years ago that new entrants like Tesla would enjoy a larger market capitalization than General Motors?
And as the shift to driverless cars continues, IT companies such as Apple and Alphabet have entered the fray, shifting success factors in the auto sector from hardware to software, and with them our conceptions of personal mobility.
For example, as incumbents such as Ford Motor seek to become mobility providers, they must learn to operate like the airline industry, where profits increase when their cars spend minimal time idling. Fewer cars on the road means repurposing unneeded roads, parking lots, garages, and service stations. Systemic Corporate Strategies As we see with the energy and transportation sectors, the potential scope of market transformation is vast.
To help flesh this out, we can conceive this sustainability revolution as proceeding from two initial phases. First, corporations rethink their business strategies to play a stronger role in guiding the sustainability of the systems of which they are a part. Second, the business model itself undergoes reconceptualization. The first phase includes at least four new ways of conceiving their approach to operations, partnerships, government engagement, and transparency.
New conceptions of operations Market transformation calls for optimizing supply-chain logistics to reduce risks from numerous factors such as disruptions due to increased storm severity caused by climate change; current and future resource availability and price volatility; accelerating emissions and concerns for public health and the environment; and the future resilience of business and civil society.
These risks can directly affect assets and operations, availability and costs of inputs, regulation of sourcing and distribution, workforce availability and productivity, and stakeholder reputation. To better manage such operational systems, companies are moving away from linear models in which items are created, used, and disposed of once they reach their end of serviceable life, and toward circular models, where items are created, used, and then either restored or reprocessed to recover energy or materials that can be used again.
One key to this new vision of a circular economy is that it is regenerative by design; it is organized to keep products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value at all times. For example, industrial and consumer products company Ricoh has concluded that by , there will be an insufficient supply of many reasonably priced raw materials to support its manufacturing needs. To change the system around it, the company is also helping its customers reduce energy use, carbon footprint, and virgin material use while also expanding its own opportunities for product refurbishing, recycling, and new designs.
Targets include reducing virgin resource use by 25 percent by and For example, as Ford increased its research and development in hybrid and electric drivetrains, it saw an opportunity in how customers would live more electrified lifestyles overall. Together with Infineon, SunPower, Whirlpool, and Eaton, Ford developed the MyEnergi Lifestyle program , exploring ways in which hybrid electric vehicles, solar power systems, energy-efficient appliances, and home design can be integrated to reduce the total carbon footprint.
New conceptions of government engagement Very few business schools offer courses on collaborative and constructive lobbying. Indeed, the public perceptions of lobbying are generally negative. But lobbying is basic to democratic politics as governments seek guidance on how to set the rules of the market and usher reforms as needed. Forward-thinking companies are looking for ways to participate constructively in policy formation.
For example, Intel was instrumental in calling attention to the horrors of tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo. While the company could have simply stopped sourcing such conflict minerals from the region, it did not want to create additional hardship for legal mining operations.
Instead, it helped create provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the tracking and disclosure of such mineral sourcing within the broader electronics industry. This is not unusual. Companies are also working with governments to phase out heat-trapping HFC chemicals and setting new efficiency standards on trucks. The Paris Agreement on climate change would not have been possible without the powerful business interests that helped broker a deal. In each of these examples, business took a responsible position in bringing about a sustainable shift in the market through policy.
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